安全与可靠性: 修复配额并发、投票事务、密码授权与导出完整性

internal/db/conversation.go

@@ -6,22 +6,30 @@ package db
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/thanhpk/randstr"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 
 	"github.com/tamakyi/TamaBox/internal/dbutil"
 )
 
 var Conversations ConversationStore
 
+var (
+	ErrDailyMessageLimit = errors.New("已达到每日私聊上限")
+	ErrConversationLimit = errors.New("会话已达到消息上限或已关闭")
+)
+
 type ConversationStore interface {
 	Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateConversationOptions) (*Conversation, error)
 	// CreateWithFirstMessage 事务化地建会话 + 首条消息 + 消息计数。
 	// 单独写首条消息（用于「发第一条私聊」这类一次性动作），避免失败时留下空会话。
 	CreateWithFirstMessage(ctx context.Context, opts CreateConversationOptions, senderID uint, content string) (*Conversation, *Message, error)
+	SendMessage(ctx context.Context, opts SendConversationMessageOptions) (*Message, error)
 	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id uint) (*Conversation, error)
 	GetByToken(ctx context.Context, token string) (*Conversation, error)
 	GetByIDAndOwner(ctx context.Context, id, ownerID uint) (*Conversation, error)
@@ -74,6 +82,39 @@ type CreateConversationOptions struct {
 	MaxMessages int
 }
 
+type SendConversationMessageOptions struct {
+	ConversationID uint
+	SenderID       uint
+	Content        string
+	Image          *CreateMessageImageOptions
+}
+
+func reserveDailyMessageTx(tx *gorm.DB, ownerID, senderID uint) error {
+	var sender User
+	if err := tx.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).Select("id").First(&sender, senderID).Error; err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "lock message sender")
+	}
+	var owner User
+	if err := tx.Select("daily_message_limit").First(&owner, ownerID).Error; err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "get owner daily message limit")
+	}
+	if owner.DailyMessageLimit <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	now := time.Now()
+	start := time.Date(now.Year(), now.Month(), now.Day(), 0, 0, 0, 0, now.Location())
+	var count int64
+	if err := tx.Table("messages").Joins("JOIN conversations ON conversations.id = messages.conversation_id").
+		Where("conversations.owner_id = ? AND messages.sender_id = ? AND messages.created_at >= ?", ownerID, senderID, start).
+		Count(&count).Error; err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "count today messages")
+	}
+	if count >= int64(owner.DailyMessageLimit) {
+		return ErrDailyMessageLimit
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (db *conversations) Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateConversationOptions) (*Conversation, error) {
 	conversation := &Conversation{
 		OwnerID:     opts.OwnerID,
@@ -99,6 +140,11 @@ func (db *conversations) CreateWithFirstMessage(
 	var msg *Message
 
 	err := db.WithContext(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if senderID == opts.AskerID {
+			if err := reserveDailyMessageTx(tx, opts.OwnerID, senderID); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
 		conv = &Conversation{
 			OwnerID:     opts.OwnerID,
 			AskerID:     opts.AskerID,
@@ -139,6 +185,59 @@ func (db *conversations) CreateWithFirstMessage(
 	return conv, msg, nil
 }
 
+func (db *conversations) SendMessage(ctx context.Context, opts SendConversationMessageOptions) (*Message, error) {
+	msg := &Message{ConversationID: opts.ConversationID, SenderID: opts.SenderID, Content: opts.Content}
+	err := db.WithContext(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		// 先锁发送者，再锁会话，保证与 CreateWithFirstMessage 的锁顺序一致，
+		// 避免并发下两条路径互相等待造成配额检查窗口。
+		var sender User
+		if err := tx.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).Select("id").First(&sender, opts.SenderID).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "lock message sender")
+		}
+
+		var conv Conversation
+		if err := tx.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).First(&conv, opts.ConversationID).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "lock conversation")
+		}
+
+		// 发送者必须是会话双方之一
+		if conv.OwnerID != opts.SenderID && conv.AskerID != opts.SenderID {
+			return errors.New("sender is not part of the conversation")
+		}
+
+		// 只有 asker 发送才消耗 owner 的每日配额
+		if conv.AskerID == opts.SenderID {
+			if err := reserveDailyMessageTx(tx, conv.OwnerID, opts.SenderID); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		res := tx.Model(&Conversation{}).Where("id = ? AND message_count < max_messages AND is_closed = ?", conv.ID, false).
+			UpdateColumn("message_count", gorm.Expr("message_count + 1"))
+		if res.Error != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(res.Error, "increment message count")
+		}
+		if res.RowsAffected == 0 {
+			return ErrConversationLimit
+		}
+		if err := tx.Create(msg).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "create message")
+		}
+		if opts.Image != nil {
+			image := *opts.Image
+			image.MessageID = msg.ID
+			if err := tx.Create(&MessageImage{MessageID: image.MessageID, URL: image.URL, ObjectKey: image.ObjectKey, FileName: image.FileName, FileSize: image.FileSize}).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "create message image")
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return msg, nil
+}
+
 func (db *conversations) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id uint) (*Conversation, error) {
 	var conv Conversation
 	if err := db.WithContext(ctx).First(&conv, id).Error; err != nil {

internal/db/feature_control.go

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import (
 
 var FeatureControls FeatureControlsStore
 
+var ErrFeatureQuotaReached = errors.New("功能收集配额已满")
+
 var _ FeatureControlsStore = (*featureControls)(nil)
 
 // 受控功能标识（feature_controls.feature 取值）。
@@ -517,6 +519,21 @@ func (db *featureControls) IncrementQuota(ctx context.Context, userID uint, feat
 // 于是计数比真实行数少，箱主的「已收集 7/10」永远偏低，达到上限后仍能继续收，
 // 而重置计数也校准不回来（重置是把计数清零，与实际行数更脱节）。
 // 现在内容 store 把这一步放进自己的事务里，任一步失败整体回滚，计数天然对齐。
+func reserveFeatureQuotaTx(tx *gorm.DB, userID uint, feature string) error {
+	if err := tx.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}).Create(DefaultFeatureControl(userID, feature)).Error; err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "initialize feature quota")
+	}
+	var fc FeatureControl
+	if err := tx.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).
+		Where("user_id = ? AND feature = ?", userID, feature).First(&fc).Error; err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "lock feature quota")
+	}
+	if fc.QuotaLimit > 0 && fc.QuotaCount >= fc.QuotaLimit {
+		return ErrFeatureQuotaReached
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func incrementQuotaTx(tx *gorm.DB, userID uint, feature string, delta int64) error {
 	if delta == 0 {
 		return nil

internal/db/questions.go

@@ -128,6 +128,9 @@ func (db *questions) Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateQuestionOptions) (*Q
 		IsPrivate:         opts.IsPrivate,
 	}
 	err := db.WithContext(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := reserveFeatureQuotaTx(tx, opts.UserID, FeatureQuestion); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		if err := tx.Create(&question).Error; err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "create question")
 		}

internal/db/quota_concurrency_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+package db
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+func createQuotaTestUser(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, conn *gorm.DB, name string, dailyLimit int) *User {
+	t.Helper()
+	user := &User{Name: name, Domain: name, Email: name + "@example.test", Password: "test-only", DailyMessageLimit: dailyLimit}
+	require.NoError(t, conn.WithContext(ctx).Create(user).Error)
+	return user
+}
+
+func setFeatureQuota(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, conn *gorm.DB, userID uint, feature string, limit int64) {
+	t.Helper()
+	require.NoError(t, NewFeatureControlsStore(conn).Save(ctx, userID, feature, UpdateFeatureControlOptions{Enabled: true, QuotaLimit: limit}))
+}
+
+func runConcurrently(n int, fn func(int) error) []error {
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	errs := make([]error, n)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := range n {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			<-start
+			errs[i] = fn(i)
+		}()
+	}
+	close(start)
+	wg.Wait()
+	return errs
+}
+
+func requireOnlyQuotaErrors(t *testing.T, errs []error, quotaErr error) int {
+	t.Helper()
+	successes := 0
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		if err == nil {
+			successes++
+			continue
+		}
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, quotaErr)
+	}
+	return successes
+}
+
+func TestQuestionQuotaConcurrentLastSlot(t *testing.T) {
+	conn, _ := newTestDB(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	owner := createQuotaTestUser(t, ctx, conn, "quota-question-owner", 0)
+	setFeatureQuota(t, ctx, conn, owner.ID, FeatureQuestion, 1)
+	questions := NewQuestionsStore(conn)
+	errs := runConcurrently(12, func(i int) error {
+		_, err := questions.Create(ctx, CreateQuestionOptions{UserID: owner.ID, Content: fmt.Sprintf("question-%d", i)})
+		return err
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, 1, requireOnlyQuotaErrors(t, errs, ErrFeatureQuotaReached))
+	var count int64
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Model(&Question{}).Where("user_id = ?", owner.ID).Count(&count).Error)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), count)
+	fc, err := NewFeatureControlsStore(conn).Get(ctx, owner.ID, FeatureQuestion)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), fc.QuotaCount)
+}
+
+func TestVoteQuotasConcurrentLastSlot(t *testing.T) {
+	conn, _ := newTestDB(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	owner := createQuotaTestUser(t, ctx, conn, "quota-vote-owner", 0)
+	setFeatureQuota(t, ctx, conn, owner.ID, FeatureVote, 1)
+	votes := NewVotesStore(conn)
+	options := NewVoteOptionsStore(conn)
+	submissions := NewVoteSubmissionsStore(conn)
+	ids := make([]uint, 2)
+	for i := range 2 {
+		vote, err := votes.Create(ctx, CreateVoteOptions{UserID: owner.ID, Title: fmt.Sprintf("vote-%d", i), Type: VoteTypeSingle, QuotaLimit: 1})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, votes.UpdateStatus(ctx, vote.ID, VoteStatusPublished))
+		option, err := options.Create(ctx, CreateVoteOptionOptions{VoteID: vote.ID, Content: "option"})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		ids[i] = option.ID
+	}
+	errs := runConcurrently(12, func(i int) error {
+		token := fmt.Sprintf("voter-%d", i)
+		_, err := submissions.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: uint(i%2 + 1), OptionID: ids[i%2], VoterToken: &token, QuotaUserID: owner.ID})
+		return err
+	})
+	successes := 0
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		if err == nil {
+			successes++
+		} else {
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		}
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, 1, successes)
+	var count int64
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Model(&VoteSubmission{}).Count(&count).Error)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), count)
+	fc, err := NewFeatureControlsStore(conn).Get(ctx, owner.ID, FeatureVote)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), fc.QuotaCount)
+	var ended int64
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Model(&Vote{}).Where("status = ?", VoteStatusEnded).Count(&ended).Error)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), ended)
+}
+
+func TestDailyMessageLimitAcrossConversationPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	conn, _ := newTestDB(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	owner := createQuotaTestUser(t, ctx, conn, "quota-chat-owner", 1)
+	asker := createQuotaTestUser(t, ctx, conn, "quota-chat-asker", 0)
+	conversations := NewConversationStore(conn)
+	existing, err := conversations.Create(ctx, CreateConversationOptions{OwnerID: owner.ID, AskerID: asker.ID, MaxMessages: 20})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	errs := make([]error, 2)
+	wg.Add(2)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		<-start
+		_, _, errs[0] = conversations.CreateWithFirstMessage(ctx, CreateConversationOptions{OwnerID: owner.ID, AskerID: asker.ID, MaxMessages: 20}, asker.ID, "first")
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		<-start
+		_, errs[1] = conversations.SendMessage(ctx, SendConversationMessageOptions{ConversationID: existing.ID, SenderID: asker.ID, Content: "existing"})
+	}()
+	close(start)
+	wg.Wait()
+	require.Equal(t, 1, requireOnlyQuotaErrors(t, errs, ErrDailyMessageLimit))
+	var messages, convCount int64
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Model(&Message{}).Count(&messages).Error)
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Model(&Conversation{}).Count(&convCount).Error)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), messages)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), convCount)
+}
+
+func TestOwnerReplyDoesNotConsumeAskerDailyQuota(t *testing.T) {
+	conn, _ := newTestDB(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	owner := createQuotaTestUser(t, ctx, conn, "quota-reply-owner", 1)
+	asker := createQuotaTestUser(t, ctx, conn, "quota-reply-asker", 0)
+	conversations := NewConversationStore(conn)
+	conv, _, err := conversations.CreateWithFirstMessage(ctx, CreateConversationOptions{OwnerID: owner.ID, AskerID: asker.ID, MaxMessages: 20}, asker.ID, "first")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = conversations.SendMessage(ctx, SendConversationMessageOptions{ConversationID: conv.ID, SenderID: owner.ID, Content: "reply"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = conversations.SendMessage(ctx, SendConversationMessageOptions{ConversationID: conv.ID, SenderID: asker.ID, Content: "over"})
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDailyMessageLimit)
+	var count int64
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Model(&Message{}).Count(&count).Error)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), count)
+}

internal/db/users.go

@@ -133,6 +133,13 @@ type User struct {
 	PagePassword string `json:"-" gorm:"column:page_password;type:varchar(255);default:''"`
 	AskPassword  string `json:"-" gorm:"column:ask_password;type:varchar(255);default:''"`
 
+	// PagePasswordVer / AskPasswordVer 是页面访问密码 / 提问密码的版本号。
+	// 每次修改对应密码时 +1，session 中保存授权时的版本号；
+	// 校验时若 session 中的版本号 != 当前版本号，则视为授权已失效。
+	// 这让「修改页面密码」能立即撤销已泄露的旧授权（SEC-06）。
+	PagePasswordVer uint `gorm:"default:0" json:"-"`
+	AskPasswordVer  uint `gorm:"default:0" json:"-"`
+
 	// 私聊相关
 	AllowChat bool `json:"allow_chat" gorm:"default:false"`
 	// 每个私聊会话的消息条数上限（用户自设）。default:20 仅是 DB 层兜底；
@@ -884,7 +891,10 @@ func (db *users) UpdatePagePassword(ctx context.Context, id uint, password strin
 		return err
 	}
 	user.SetPagePassword(password)
-	return db.WithContext(ctx).Model(user).Update("page_password", user.PagePassword).Error
+	return db.WithContext(ctx).Model(user).Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		"page_password":     user.PagePassword,
+		"page_password_ver": gorm.Expr("page_password_ver + 1"),
+	}).Error
 }
 
 func (db *users) UpdateAskPassword(ctx context.Context, id uint, password string) error {
@@ -893,7 +903,10 @@ func (db *users) UpdateAskPassword(ctx context.Context, id uint, password string
 		return err
 	}
 	user.SetAskPassword(password)
-	return db.WithContext(ctx).Model(user).Update("ask_password", user.AskPassword).Error
+	return db.WithContext(ctx).Model(user).Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		"ask_password":     user.AskPassword,
+		"ask_password_ver": gorm.Expr("ask_password_ver + 1"),
+	}).Error
 }
 
 // 新增私聊设置

internal/db/users_test.go

@@ -609,6 +609,7 @@ func TestDeactivatePurgesAllOwnedContent(t *testing.T) {
 		UserID: owner.ID, Title: "owned vote", Type: VoteTypeForm,
 	})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, NewVotesStore(db).UpdateStatus(ctx, vote.ID, VoteStatusPublished))
 	option, err := NewVoteOptionsStore(db).Create(ctx, CreateVoteOptionOptions{
 		VoteID: vote.ID, Content: "option",
 	})

internal/db/vote_submissions.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"gorm.io/datatypes"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 
 	"github.com/tamakyi/TamaBox/internal/dbutil"
 )
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ type VoteSubmissionsStore interface {
 	Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateVoteSubmissionOptions) (*VoteSubmission, error)
 	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id uint) (*VoteSubmission, error)
 	ListByVoteID(ctx context.Context, voteID uint, cursor *dbutil.Cursor) ([]*VoteSubmission, error)
+	// ListByVoteIDs 批量查询多个投票的全部提交记录（IN 查询 + 内存分组），避免逐投票 N+1。
+	ListByVoteIDs(ctx context.Context, voteIDs []uint) (map[uint][]*VoteSubmission, error)
 	CountByVoteID(ctx context.Context, voteID uint) (int64, error)
 	CountByVoteIDs(ctx context.Context, voteIDs []uint) (map[uint]int64, error)
 	CountByOptionID(ctx context.Context, voteID, optionID uint) (int64, error)
@@ -77,6 +80,7 @@ var (
 	// ErrVoteAlreadyVoted 同一投票被同一身份重复提交（数据库唯一索引兜底返回）。
 	ErrVoteAlreadyVoted       = errors.New("你已参与过该投票")
 	ErrVoteSubmissionNotExist = errors.New("投票记录不存在")
+	ErrVoteNotAccepting       = errors.New("投票未开放或已达到收集上限")
 )
 
 // Create 写入一条投票/提交记录。若命中复合唯一索引（同一 user 或同一 token 重复提交），
@@ -92,6 +96,26 @@ func (db *voteSubmissions) Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateVoteSubmission
 		CustomText: opts.CustomText,
 	}
 	err := db.WithContext(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if opts.QuotaUserID != 0 {
+			if err := reserveFeatureQuotaTx(tx, opts.QuotaUserID, FeatureVote); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		var vote Vote
+		if err := tx.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).First(&vote, opts.VoteID).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "lock vote")
+		}
+		now := time.Now()
+		if vote.Status != VoteStatusPublished || (vote.StartAt != nil && now.Before(*vote.StartAt)) || (vote.EndAt != nil && !now.Before(*vote.EndAt)) {
+			return ErrVoteNotAccepting
+		}
+		var count int64
+		if err := tx.Model(&VoteSubmission{}).Where("vote_id = ?", opts.VoteID).Count(&count).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "count vote submissions")
+		}
+		if vote.QuotaLimit > 0 && count >= int64(vote.QuotaLimit) {
+			return ErrVoteNotAccepting
+		}
 		if err := tx.Create(submission).Error; err != nil {
 			if isDuplicateKeyError(err) {
 				return ErrVoteAlreadyVoted
@@ -107,6 +131,11 @@ func (db *voteSubmissions) Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateVoteSubmission
 				return errors.Wrap(err, "increment vote quota")
 			}
 		}
+		if vote.QuotaLimit > 0 && count+1 >= int64(vote.QuotaLimit) {
+			if err := tx.Model(&Vote{}).Where("id = ?", vote.ID).Update("status", VoteStatusEnded).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "end vote on quota")
+			}
+		}
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -148,6 +177,26 @@ func (db *voteSubmissions) ListByVoteID(ctx context.Context, voteID uint, cursor
 	return submissions, nil
 }
 
+// ListByVoteIDs 批量查询多个投票的全部提交记录（IN 查询 + 内存分组），避免逐投票 N+1。
+// 返回 map[voteID][]*VoteSubmission；未出现在结果中的 voteID 视为无提交。
+func (db *voteSubmissions) ListByVoteIDs(ctx context.Context, voteIDs []uint) (map[uint][]*VoteSubmission, error) {
+	out := make(map[uint][]*VoteSubmission, len(voteIDs))
+	if len(voteIDs) == 0 {
+		return out, nil
+	}
+	var submissions []*VoteSubmission
+	if err := db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("vote_id IN ?", voteIDs).
+		Order("created_at ASC").
+		Find(&submissions).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "list vote submissions by vote ids")
+	}
+	for _, s := range submissions {
+		out[s.VoteID] = append(out[s.VoteID], s)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 // CountByVoteID 统计某投票的总参与人数。
 func (db *voteSubmissions) CountByVoteID(ctx context.Context, voteID uint) (int64, error) {
 	var count int64

internal/db/vote_submissions_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"gorm.io/datatypes"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
 	"github.com/tamakyi/TamaBox/internal/dbutil"
 )
@@ -53,10 +54,41 @@ func TestVoteSubmissions(t *testing.T) {
 func userIDPtr(id uint) *uint   { return &id }
 func tokenPtr(s string) *string { return &s }
 
+// seedPublishedVotes 创建 n 个已发布的投票，每个投票带两个选项。
+// 返回 voteID 列表；调用方用 votes[i] 作为 VoteID、options[voteID][j] 作为 OptionID。
+// VoteSubmissions.Create 现在要求投票必须 published 才接受提交，旧的测试夹具
+// 直接用 VoteID=1 的虚拟行会被锁行失败拒绝，因此需要真实投票。
+func seedPublishedVotes(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, conn *gorm.DB, userID uint, n int) ([]uint, map[uint][]uint) {
+	t.Helper()
+	votesStore := NewVotesStore(conn)
+	optionsStore := NewVoteOptionsStore(conn)
+	voteIDs := make([]uint, 0, n)
+	optionIDs := make(map[uint][]uint, n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		vote, err := votesStore.Create(ctx, CreateVoteOptions{
+			UserID: userID, Title: "seed vote", Type: VoteTypeSingle,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, votesStore.UpdateStatus(ctx, vote.ID, VoteStatusPublished))
+		voteIDs = append(voteIDs, vote.ID)
+		optionIDs[vote.ID] = make([]uint, 0, 2)
+		for j := 0; j < 2; j++ {
+			opt, err := optionsStore.Create(ctx, CreateVoteOptionOptions{
+				VoteID: vote.ID, Content: "option",
+			})
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			optionIDs[vote.ID] = append(optionIDs[vote.ID], opt.ID)
+		}
+	}
+	return voteIDs, optionIDs
+}
+
 func testVoteSubmissionsCreate(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
 	got, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:   1,
-		OptionID: 2,
+		VoteID:   voteID,
+		OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][1],
 		UserID:   userIDPtr(10),
 		VoterIP:  "114.5.1.4",
 	})
@@ -67,9 +99,11 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsCreate(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmis
 
 // 核心防刷：同一登录用户对同一投票重复提交必须被数据库唯一索引拦截。
 func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueUser(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
 	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:   1,
-		OptionID: 1,
+		VoteID:   voteID,
+		OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0],
 		UserID:   userIDPtr(10),
 		VoterIP:  "114.5.1.4",
 	})
@@ -77,8 +111,8 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueUser(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSu
 
 	t.Run("duplicate rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-			VoteID:   1,
-			OptionID: 2,
+			VoteID:   voteID,
+			OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][1],
 			UserID:   userIDPtr(10),
 			VoterIP:  "114.5.1.4",
 		})
@@ -87,8 +121,8 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueUser(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSu
 
 	t.Run("different user allowed", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-			VoteID:   1,
-			OptionID: 1,
+			VoteID:   voteID,
+			OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0],
 			UserID:   userIDPtr(11),
 			VoterIP:  "114.5.1.5",
 		})
@@ -98,9 +132,11 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueUser(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSu
 
 // 核心防刷：同一匿名指纹对同一投票重复提交必须被拦截。
 func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueToken(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
 	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:     1,
-		OptionID:   1,
+		VoteID:     voteID,
+		OptionID:   optionIDs[voteID][0],
 		VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-token-001"),
 		VoterIP:    "114.5.1.4",
 	})
@@ -108,8 +144,8 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueToken(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteS
 
 	t.Run("duplicate rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-			VoteID:     1,
-			OptionID:   2,
+			VoteID:     voteID,
+			OptionID:   optionIDs[voteID][1],
 			VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-token-001"),
 			VoterIP:    "114.5.1.4",
 		})
@@ -118,8 +154,8 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueToken(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteS
 
 	t.Run("different token allowed", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-			VoteID:     1,
-			OptionID:   1,
+			VoteID:     voteID,
+			OptionID:   optionIDs[voteID][0],
 			VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-token-002"),
 			VoterIP:    "114.5.1.4",
 		})
@@ -129,17 +165,19 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsUniqueToken(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteS
 
 // 登录用户与匿名指纹可在同一投票下并存（user_id 为 NULL 与 voter_token 为 NULL 不冲突）。
 func testVoteSubmissionsUserAndAnonCoexist(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
 	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:   1,
-		OptionID: 1,
+		VoteID:   voteID,
+		OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0],
 		UserID:   userIDPtr(10),
 		VoterIP:  "114.5.1.4",
 	})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:     1,
-		OptionID:   2,
+		VoteID:     voteID,
+		OptionID:   optionIDs[voteID][1],
 		VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-anon-001"),
 		VoterIP:    "114.5.1.6",
 	})
@@ -147,25 +185,26 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsUserAndAnonCoexist(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db
 
 	// 同一 user 换匿名 token 再来：user_id 相同仍应被拦截
 	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:     1,
-		OptionID:   1,
+		VoteID:     voteID,
+		OptionID:   optionIDs[voteID][0],
 		UserID:     userIDPtr(10),
 		VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-anon-002"),
 		VoterIP:    "114.5.1.7",
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, ErrVoteAlreadyVoted, err)
 
-	count, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, 1)
+	count, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, voteID)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(2), count)
 }
 
 // 同一用户 / 同一 token 对不同投票不受约束。
 func testVoteSubmissionsCrossVote(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
-	for voteID := uint(1); voteID <= 2; voteID++ {
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 2)
+	for _, voteID := range voteIDs {
 		_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
 			VoteID:   voteID,
-			OptionID: 1,
+			OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0],
 			UserID:   userIDPtr(10),
 			VoterIP:  "114.5.1.4",
 		})
@@ -173,50 +212,50 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsCrossVote(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSub
 	}
 
 	// 同一 token 投两个不同投票也允许
-	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:     1,
-		OptionID:   1,
-		VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-x"),
-		VoterIP:    "114.5.1.8",
-	})
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-		VoteID:     2,
-		OptionID:   1,
-		VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-x"),
-		VoterIP:    "114.5.1.8",
-	})
-	require.Nil(t, err)
+	for _, voteID := range voteIDs {
+		_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
+			VoteID:     voteID,
+			OptionID:   optionIDs[voteID][0],
+			VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-x"),
+			VoterIP:    "114.5.1.8",
+		})
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+	}
 
-	count, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, 1)
+	count, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, voteIDs[0])
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(2), count)
 }
 
 func testVoteSubmissionsCount(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
-	// 投票 1：选项 1 两票，选项 2 一票
-	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(1), VoterIP: "a"})
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 2)
+	vote1, vote2 := voteIDs[0], voteIDs[1]
+	opt1a, opt1b := optionIDs[vote1][0], optionIDs[vote1][1]
+	opt2a := optionIDs[vote2][0]
+
+	// 投票 1：选项 A 两票，选项 B 一票
+	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: vote1, OptionID: opt1a, UserID: userIDPtr(1), VoterIP: "a"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(2), VoterIP: "b"})
+	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: vote1, OptionID: opt1a, UserID: userIDPtr(2), VoterIP: "b"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 2, UserID: userIDPtr(3), VoterIP: "c"})
+	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: vote1, OptionID: opt1b, UserID: userIDPtr(3), VoterIP: "c"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	// 投票 2：一票
-	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 2, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(4), VoterIP: "d"})
+	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: vote2, OptionID: opt2a, UserID: userIDPtr(4), VoterIP: "d"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	t.Run("total", func(t *testing.T) {
-		got, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, 1)
+		got, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, vote1)
 		require.Nil(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, int64(3), got)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("by option", func(t *testing.T) {
-		got, err := db.CountByOptionID(ctx, 1, 1)
+		got, err := db.CountByOptionID(ctx, vote1, opt1a)
 		require.Nil(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, int64(2), got)
 
-		got, err = db.CountByOptionID(ctx, 1, 2)
+		got, err = db.CountByOptionID(ctx, vote1, opt1b)
 		require.Nil(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, int64(1), got)
 	})
@@ -229,54 +268,62 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsCount(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmiss
 }
 
 func testVoteSubmissionsHasUserVoted(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
-	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(10), VoterIP: "a"})
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
+	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: voteID, OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0], UserID: userIDPtr(10), VoterIP: "a"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	got, err := db.HasUserVoted(ctx, 1, 10)
+	got, err := db.HasUserVoted(ctx, voteID, 10)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.True(t, got)
 
-	got, err = db.HasUserVoted(ctx, 1, 11)
+	got, err = db.HasUserVoted(ctx, voteID, 11)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.False(t, got)
 }
 
 func testVoteSubmissionsHasTokenVoted(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
-	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-1"), VoterIP: "a"})
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
+	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: voteID, OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0], VoterToken: tokenPtr("fp-1"), VoterIP: "a"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	got, err := db.HasTokenVoted(ctx, 1, "fp-1")
+	got, err := db.HasTokenVoted(ctx, voteID, "fp-1")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.True(t, got)
 
-	got, err = db.HasTokenVoted(ctx, 1, "fp-2")
+	got, err = db.HasTokenVoted(ctx, voteID, "fp-2")
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.False(t, got)
 }
 
 func testVoteSubmissionsCountByIP(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
 	since := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
-	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(1), VoterIP: "1.2.3.4"})
+	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: voteID, OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0], UserID: userIDPtr(1), VoterIP: "1.2.3.4"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(2), VoterIP: "1.2.3.4"})
+	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: voteID, OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0], UserID: userIDPtr(2), VoterIP: "1.2.3.4"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(3), VoterIP: "5.6.7.8"})
+	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: voteID, OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0], UserID: userIDPtr(3), VoterIP: "5.6.7.8"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	got, err := db.CountByIP(ctx, 1, "1.2.3.4", since)
+	got, err := db.CountByIP(ctx, voteID, "1.2.3.4", since)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(2), got)
 
-	got, err = db.CountByIP(ctx, 1, "5.6.7.8", since)
+	got, err = db.CountByIP(ctx, voteID, "5.6.7.8", since)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(1), got)
 }
 
 func testVoteSubmissionsListByVoteID(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 1)
+	voteID := voteIDs[0]
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{
-			VoteID:   1,
-			OptionID: 1,
+			VoteID:   voteID,
+			OptionID: optionIDs[voteID][0],
 			UserID:   userIDPtr(uint(100 + i)),
 			VoterIP:  "x",
 			FormData: datatypes.JSON(`{"nickname":"user` + string(rune('0'+i)) + `"}`),
@@ -284,25 +331,27 @@ func testVoteSubmissionsListByVoteID(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *vote
 		require.Nil(t, err)
 	}
 
-	got, err := db.ListByVoteID(ctx, 1, &dbutil.Cursor{Value: 2, PageSize: 10})
+	got, err := db.ListByVoteID(ctx, voteID, &dbutil.Cursor{Value: 2, PageSize: 10})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Len(t, got, 1)
 	require.Equal(t, uint(1), got[0].ID, "游标取 id < 2 的记录")
 }
 
 func testVoteSubmissionsDeleteByVoteID(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, db *voteSubmissions) {
-	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 1, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(1), VoterIP: "a"})
+	voteIDs, optionIDs := seedPublishedVotes(t, ctx, db.DB, 1, 2)
+	vote1, vote2 := voteIDs[0], voteIDs[1]
+	_, err := db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: vote1, OptionID: optionIDs[vote1][0], UserID: userIDPtr(1), VoterIP: "a"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
-	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: 2, OptionID: 1, UserID: userIDPtr(2), VoterIP: "b"})
+	_, err = db.Create(ctx, CreateVoteSubmissionOptions{VoteID: vote2, OptionID: optionIDs[vote2][0], UserID: userIDPtr(2), VoterIP: "b"})
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
-	require.Nil(t, db.DeleteByVoteID(ctx, 1))
+	require.Nil(t, db.DeleteByVoteID(ctx, vote1))
 
-	got, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, 1)
+	got, err := db.CountByVoteID(ctx, vote1)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(0), got)
 
-	got, err = db.CountByVoteID(ctx, 2)
+	got, err = db.CountByVoteID(ctx, vote2)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(1), got)
 }

internal/db/votes.go

@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ const (
 
 type VotesStore interface {
 	Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateVoteOptions) (*Vote, error)
+	// CreateWithOptions 在单个事务里创建投票 + 选项 + 表单字段。
+	// 任一步失败整体回滚，避免留下「有投票无选项」或「有选项无字段」的半成品。
+	CreateWithOptions(ctx context.Context, opts CreateVoteOptions, optionContents []string, formFields []CreateVoteFormFieldOptions) (*Vote, error)
 	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id uint) (*Vote, error)
 	GetByToken(ctx context.Context, token string) (*Vote, error)
 	ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID uint, opts ListVotesOptions) ([]*Vote, error)
@@ -68,6 +71,9 @@ type VotesStore interface {
 	ListPublishedPublic(ctx context.Context, limit int) ([]*Vote, error)
 	GetHot(ctx context.Context, limit int) ([]*Vote, error)
 	Update(ctx context.Context, id uint, opts UpdateVoteOptions) error
+	// UpdateWithOptions 在单个事务里更新投票元信息 + 替换选项 + 替换表单字段。
+	// 仅在草稿状态调用（发布后选项/字段锁定，避免破坏历史数据归因）。
+	UpdateWithOptions(ctx context.Context, id uint, opts UpdateVoteOptions, optionContents []string, formFields []CreateVoteFormFieldOptions) error
 	UpdateStatus(ctx context.Context, id uint, status string) error
 	DeleteByID(ctx context.Context, id uint) error
 	// DeleteWithCascade 在一个事务里真删投票及其选项、表单字段、提交记录。
@@ -160,6 +166,69 @@ func (db *votes) Create(ctx context.Context, opts CreateVoteOptions) (*Vote, err
 	return vote, nil
 }
 
+// CreateWithOptions 在单个事务里创建投票 + 选项 + 表单字段。
+// 任一步失败整体回滚，避免留下「有投票无选项」或「有选项无字段」的半成品。
+func (db *votes) CreateWithOptions(ctx context.Context, opts CreateVoteOptions, optionContents []string, formFields []CreateVoteFormFieldOptions) (*Vote, error) {
+	var vote *Vote
+	err := db.WithContext(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		v := &Vote{
+			UserID:                 opts.UserID,
+			Title:                  opts.Title,
+			Description:            opts.Description,
+			Type:                   opts.Type,
+			Visibility:             opts.Visibility,
+			VoterScope:             opts.VoterScope,
+			ShowResult:             opts.ShowResult,
+			AllowCustom:            opts.AllowCustom,
+			MaxChoices:             opts.MaxChoices,
+			StartAt:                opts.StartAt,
+			EndAt:                  opts.EndAt,
+			MaxVotesPerFingerprint: opts.MaxVotesPerFingerprint,
+			RequireCaptcha:         opts.RequireCaptcha,
+			CensorMetadata:         opts.CensorMetadata,
+			QuotaLimit:             opts.QuotaLimit,
+		}
+		if err := tx.Create(v).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "create vote")
+		}
+		vote = v
+
+		if len(optionContents) > 0 {
+			options := make([]*VoteOption, 0, len(optionContents))
+			for i, content := range optionContents {
+				options = append(options, &VoteOption{VoteID: v.ID, Content: content, SortOrder: i})
+			}
+			if err := tx.Create(&options).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "create vote options")
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(formFields) > 0 {
+			fields := make([]*VoteFormField, 0, len(formFields))
+			for _, f := range formFields {
+				fields = append(fields, &VoteFormField{
+					VoteID:      v.ID,
+					FieldType:   f.FieldType,
+					Label:       f.Label,
+					Required:    f.Required,
+					MaxLength:   f.MaxLength,
+					Options:     f.Options,
+					SortOrder:   f.SortOrder,
+					AllowCustom: f.AllowCustom,
+				})
+			}
+			if err := tx.Create(&fields).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "create vote form fields")
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return vote, nil
+}
+
 var ErrVoteNotExist = errors.New("投票不存在")
 
 func (db *votes) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id uint) (*Vote, error) {
@@ -335,6 +404,79 @@ func (db *votes) Update(ctx context.Context, id uint, opts UpdateVoteOptions) er
 	return nil
 }
 
+// UpdateWithOptions 在单个事务里更新投票元信息 + 替换选项 + 替换表单字段。
+// 仅在草稿状态调用（发布后选项/字段锁定，避免破坏历史数据归因）。
+// 任一步失败整体回滚，避免「元信息已更新、字段只更新一部分」的不一致草稿。
+func (db *votes) UpdateWithOptions(ctx context.Context, id uint, opts UpdateVoteOptions, optionContents []string, formFields []CreateVoteFormFieldOptions) error {
+	return db.WithContext(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		updates := map[string]interface{}{
+			"title":                     opts.Title,
+			"description":               opts.Description,
+			"visibility":                opts.Visibility,
+			"voter_scope":               opts.VoterScope,
+			"show_result":               opts.ShowResult,
+			"allow_custom":              opts.AllowCustom,
+			"start_at":                  opts.StartAt,
+			"end_at":                    opts.EndAt,
+			"max_votes_per_fingerprint": opts.MaxVotesPerFingerprint,
+			"require_captcha":           opts.RequireCaptcha,
+			"censor_metadata":           opts.CensorMetadata,
+			"quota_limit":               opts.QuotaLimit,
+		}
+		if opts.Type != nil {
+			updates["type"] = *opts.Type
+		}
+		if opts.MaxChoices != nil {
+			updates["max_choices"] = *opts.MaxChoices
+		}
+		res := tx.Model(&Vote{}).Where("id = ?", id).Updates(updates)
+		if res.Error != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(res.Error, "update vote")
+		}
+		if res.RowsAffected == 0 {
+			return ErrVoteNotExist
+		}
+
+		// 替换选项（先删后建）
+		if err := tx.Where("vote_id = ?", id).Delete(&VoteOption{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "delete old vote options")
+		}
+		if len(optionContents) > 0 {
+			options := make([]*VoteOption, 0, len(optionContents))
+			for i, content := range optionContents {
+				options = append(options, &VoteOption{VoteID: id, Content: content, SortOrder: i})
+			}
+			if err := tx.Create(&options).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "create vote options")
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 替换表单字段（先删后建）
+		if err := tx.Where("vote_id = ?", id).Delete(&VoteFormField{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "delete old vote form fields")
+		}
+		if len(formFields) > 0 {
+			fields := make([]*VoteFormField, 0, len(formFields))
+			for _, f := range formFields {
+				fields = append(fields, &VoteFormField{
+					VoteID:      id,
+					FieldType:   f.FieldType,
+					Label:       f.Label,
+					Required:    f.Required,
+					MaxLength:   f.MaxLength,
+					Options:     f.Options,
+					SortOrder:   f.SortOrder,
+					AllowCustom: f.AllowCustom,
+				})
+			}
+			if err := tx.Create(&fields).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "create vote form fields")
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
 // UpdateStatus 更新投票状态（draft → published → ended → archived）。
 func (db *votes) UpdateStatus(ctx context.Context, id uint, status string) error {
 	res := db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&Vote{}).Where("id = ?", id).Update("status", status)